|
Elsa Waitzfelder
Born: 1906 in Augsburg. Father’s
occupation: businessman.
Elsa’s parents were Bernhard Waitzfelder (b. 1875 in Augsburg) and
Karoline, née Levy (b. 1882 in Augsburg). Bernhard was a co-owner
of the leather wholesale company “Bacharach & Waitzfelder”.
Elsa had two brothers, Jacques (1904–84) and Kurt (1911–58).
Elsa attended Maria-Theresia-School from 1916 to 1920 in classes
1–4; perhaps she remained at the school until 1922 and attended
classes 5 and 6 as well.
In 1921, Elsa celebrated her “confirmation” in Augsburg, together
with six other Jewish girls (Bat Mitzvah: the feast of religious
majority for Jewish girls, which can be celebrated individually
on the Sabbath after a girl’s 12th birthday; in Augsburg, however,
it was held annually or even after longer intervals for several
age groups together, similar to the Protestant confirmation).
In 1928, Elsa married Dr. Erwin Meyer (or Mayer) from Berlin.
She died during the same year.
Elsa’s parents had to move to 14 Hallstraße around 1942. The
National Socialists established a “Jewish house” (“Judenhaus”) at
that place. Bernhard and Karoline were deported to Piaski,
Poland, in the beginning of April 1942. They are considered
missing.
Elsa’s elder brother, Jacques, graduated in economics and law.
In 1929, he published a book on Johann Heinrich von Schüle, a famous
cotton manufacturer in Augsburg in the 18th century; Jacques dedicated
the book to the memory of his sister. In 1933, he was admitted
to the bar in Munich, but the National Socialists more and more
prohibited Jewish lawyers to practise. Jacques emigrated to
the USA in 1938, where he changed his name to Whitfield. He
worked for chemical companies. |
|
Elsa’s younger brother, Kurt, married Ruth Hirschfeld.
The couple emigrated to the USA in 1942 at the latest.
Sources and further reading:
Jacques Waitzfelder, Der Augsburger Johann Heinrich
von Schüle, ein Pionier der Textilwirtschaft im 18. Jahrhundert,
Leipzig, 1929.
Reinhard Weber, Das Schicksal der jüdischen Rechtsanwälte in
Bayern nach 1933, Munich, 2006, p. 264 (on Jacques/Jakob Waitzfelder). |
|
|
|
|
Anni Wallach
Born: 1909 in Cologne. Father’s occupation: businessman, manufacturer.
Anni’s parents were Jakob Wallach and Paula, née Heilbronner (b.
1887 in Augsburg). They got divorced.
Anni (or “Anny”) attended Maria-Theresia-School from 1919 to 1925
in classes 1–6.
Anni’s mother, Paula, had to move to 5½ Mozartstraße in 1939.
The National Socialists established a “Jewish house”(“Judenhaus”)
at that place. In the beginning of April 1942, Paula was deported
to Piaski, Poland. |
|
|
|
|
Ruth Wallach
Born: 1911 in Düsseldorf. Father’s
occupation: managing director in Augsburg.
Ruth’s parents were Simon Wallach
(b. 1880 in Cologne) and Hedwig (b. 1875 in Braunschweig).
Simon was a director of several machine companies. Ruth had
a younger brother, Rolf (b. 1916).
Ruth attended Maria-Theresia-School from 1924 to 1927 in classes
4–6; presumably, she had joined the school in 1921 in class 1.
In May 1925, Ruth celebrated her “confirmation” in Augsburg, together
with nine other Jewish girls (Bat Mitzvah: the feast of religious
maturity for Jewish girls, which can be celebrated individually
on the Sabbath after a girl’s twelfth birthday; in Augsburg, however,
it was held annually or even after longer intervals for several
age groups together, similar to the Protestant confirmation).
Ruth married Eugen Grünhut from Augsburg (b. 1909). (Eugen
was a nephew of Adele Mendelsohn, née Grünhut, the mother of
Fanny Mendelsohn.) The couple had one daughter.
Ruth’s uncle MD Moritz (Moshe) Wallach (b. 1866 in Cologne) had
transferred to Jerusalem in 1892. He was the senior consultant
of “Shaare Zedek” hospital. Due to this connection, many members
of the Wallach family were able to emigrate to Palestine in the
1930s. Ruth and Eugen did so in 1936.
Ruth’s parents transferred to Mannheim in 1932. They also
emigrated to Palestine in 1936. Simon died in Jerusalem in
1950, Hedwig in Haifa in 1960.
Ruth’s brother, Rolf, also emigrated to Palestine. He returned
to Germany, together with his wife and two sons, in 1956.
He died in 1990.
Ruth Grünhut, née Wallach, died in Haifa before 2006. |
|
|
|
|
Hilde Waluta
Born: 1926 in Augsburg (no place of
birth is given in the Annual School Reports). Father’s occupation:
Authorized Commercial Signator.
Hilde’s parents were Alfred Waluta (b. 1899 in Vienna) and Ilse,
née Herrmann (b. 1904 in Gotha). Alfred worked as an authorized
commercial signator at the wholesale company of grain owned by Franz
Schwarz, the father of Ilse Schwarz.
Hilde attended Maria-Theresia-School in 1937 and 1938 in classes
1b and 2b. Twelve-year-old Hilde left the school on May 28, 1938,
at the beginning of the second grade. In the same year, she
emigrated to Cali, Columbia, together with her parents.
In Cali, Hilde’s father, Alfred, became a co-owner of a comb factory.
Hilde married Hans Zander from Berlin. The couple had four children. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Margarete Wassermann
Born: 1921 in Augsburg (no place of
birth is given in the Annual School Reports). Father’s occupation:
businessman. Store: Bahnhofstraße, at the corner of Burgkmairstraße.
Margarete’s parents were Karl
Wassermann (b. 1877 in Ulm) and Jenny, née Pflaunlacher (b. 1890
in Augsburg). The production plant of Karl Wassermann’s firm
“Pflaunlacher & Schwab, Sportswear” was on Haunstetter Straße.
Margarete had an elder brother, Heinz (1914–88).
Margarete’s maternal aunt Berta Schwab, née Pflaunlacher, was married
to Max Schwab. Max was another co-owner of the company “Pflaunlacher
& Schwab”. Max’s daughters, Liselotte and
Paula Schwab, were cousins of Margarete.
Initially, Margarete and her family lived on Bismarckstraße, then
Volkhartstraße, Völkstraße, Frohsinnstraße (the apartment house
was turned into a Jewish old people’s home in 1937) and, finally,
at 14 Hallstraße. Around 1942, this apartment house was made
into a “Jewish House” (“Judenhaus”) by the National Socialists,
the apartments were split up further with, among others,
Marianne and Gertrud Weil and their mother
living in a very confined space until their deportation to Auschwitz
in March 1943. The “German Empire” (“Deutsches Reich”) became
owner of the house. In 1944, the house was burned out due
to an air raid. After the war, a settlement was reached between
the German state and the heirs of the former owners, and a new house
was built.
Margarete went to Maria-Theresia-School from 1931 to 1937 in classes
1–G6. In Berlin, she trained to become a fashion illustrator.
Margarete’s father was dispossessed and incarcerated in November
1938 for some time. Her brother emigrated to the USA that
year. Margarete emigrated to England in 1939 and worked there as
a nurse. In 1942, she married Herbert Berlin |
|
from Hamburg (b. 1918). The couple with a daughter moved to
the USA in 1951, where a son was born to them.
Margarete’s husband, Herbert, died in 1999.
In July 2004, Margarete visited Augsburg and Maria-Theresia-School
with her grandson, almost 70 years after having left the school.
Margarete Berlin, née Wassermann, lives up to this day in the USA
(2007).
Margarete’s parents were deported to Auschwitz or to another concentration
camp in Eastern Europe in March 1943.
Margarete’s maternal grandmother, Anna Pflaunlacher, née Schwab
(b. 1867 in Nuremberg), was deported to Terezin in August 1942 and
died there; other relatives had a similar fate.
Source:
Marina Bylinsky, “Gespräch mit Frau Margarete Berlin, geb.
Wassermann, am 14.07.2004 am MT,” Peter Wolf ed., Spuren.
Die jüdischen Schülerinnen und die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
an der Maria-Theresia-Schule Augsburg. Ein Bericht der
Projektgruppe “Spurensuche” des Maria-Theresia-Gymnasiums,
Augsburg 2005, pp. 52–54;
see the German part of this website, chapter “Zeitzeugen” —> “Zeitzeugen-Gespräche”.
|
|
|
Edith Weil
Born: 1924. Father’s occupation:
businessman in Augsburg. Flat: 15 Alpenstraße.
Edith’s parents were Hermann
Weil (b. 1883 in Buchau at Federsee) and Selma, née Oberdorfer (b.
1893 in Hainsfarth). Edith had an elder brother, Leo (b. 1922).
Hermann’s elder brother, Siegfried—the father of Gertrud
and Marianne Weil—, as well as his younger brother,
Julius (b. 1887), also had settled in Augsburg. Hermann and Siegfried
were the owners of a company for the manufacture of agricultural
machinery in Pfersee, a district of Augsburg (“Motoren- und Maschinenfabrik
Augsburg-Pfersee”). In 1931, the firm had to be sold due to
debts and—according to Siegfried’s son, Arie Weil—also due to political
reasons (interview in 2005).
Edith attended Maria-Theresia-School from 1935 to 1938 in classes
1–4. At the age of almost fourteen years, Edith was forced
by Government decree to leave the school on November 14, 1938, without
graduation.
Edith’s father and—a little bit later— Edith herself emigrated to
the Netherlands in 1938. Hermann had to live in an internment
camp until 1940. Edith joined an educational camp in Wieringen,
where young Jews were prepared for their emigration to Palestine.
Later, she worked for the Jewish council in Amsterdam. “Upon
German demand, this organisation had to list the Jews deemed for
deportation. Therefore, Edith herself was understood to be
exempted from deportation” (G. Römer, An meine Gemeinde in der
Zerstreuung).
According to Edith’s brother, Leo, Hermann and Edith declined his
offer to smuggle them to France because they thought that they were
safefrom deportation. In December 1943 or January 1944, however,
Hermann and Edith were deported from Amsterdam to Auschwitz, where
they are said to have been killed on January 28, 1944. |
|
Edith’s mother, Selma, had stayed behind in Augsburg in order to
take care of her mother, Karoline Oberdorfer, née Steiner (b. 1864).
Karoline was deported to Terezin on July 31, 1942, and died there
after a few days on August 13th.
Selma had to move to Halderstraße 6 (near to the synagogue).
From August 1942 to the beginning of March 1943, she did forced
labour at the Augsburg Balloon Factory, like many other Jewish women
and girls. In March 1943, she was deported to Auschwitz or
to another concentration camp in Eastern Europe.
Edith’s brother, Leo, had been living in Amsterdam since 1936 with
his uncle Herbert Oberdorfer. In February 1941, he escaped
a German razzia and after that lived underground. He worked
in the Résistance in the Netherlands and in France, survived torture
and imprisonment in several concentration camps and merely vegetated
with typhoid fever in Terezin when this camp was freed in 1945.
After the war, he lived in Amsterdam and Paris and finally emigrated
to Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Edith Weil’s name is listed on a glass plaque of the shoah memorial
which can be viewed in Augsburg’s City Hall (artist: Klaus Goth).
Sources:
Gernot Römer, ed., “An meine Gemeinde in der Zerstreuung.”
Die Rundbriefe des Augsburger Rabbiners Ernst Jacob 1941–1949,
Augsburg, 2007, pp. 379–80.
Gernot Römer, “Wir haben uns gewehrt.” Wie Juden aus Schwaben
gegen Hitler kämpften und wie Christen Juden halfen, Augsburg,
1995, pp. 63–74 (on Leo Weil).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Erna Weil
Born: 1907 in Augsburg. Father’s
occupation: businessman. Flat and company: D 139 (today’s
No. 2) Hafnerberg.
Erna’s father, Emil Weil (b.
1874 in Augsburg), was a leather merchant. Her mother was
Bella, née Sundheimer (b. 1879 in Regensburg). Emil was a
co-owner of the wholesale business of leather “Leopold Weil & Cie”.
Like Erna, her older sister, Liselotte, also attended
Maria-Theresia-School.
Erna is described as an exceptionally talented pupil. She
attended Maria-Theresia-School from 1917 to 1926 in classes 1–G9.
In 1921, Erna celebrated her “confirmation” in Augsburg, together
with her sister, Liselotte, and five other Jewish girls (Bat Mitzvah:
the feast of religious majority for Jewish girls, which can be celebrated
individually after a girl’s twelfth birthday; in Augsburg, however,
it was held annually or even after longer intervals for several
age groups together, similar to the Protestant confirmation).
Erna graduated in March 1926. First she studied medicine for
one term in Vienna, then in Munich, where she passed the medical
state exam at the end of 1931. She completed her practical
year in Augsburg, Hamburg and Berlin; in Augsburg she worked in
the internal medicine department of the municipal hospital for four
months under the supervision of Prof. Friedrich Georg Port.
After the burning of the Reichstag in 1933, she lost her employment
in Berlin. In the following year she enrolled in Turin to
take another state exam, which would be accepted in Great Britain;
Lotte Dann, the younger sister of her school friend
Elisabeth Dann, joined her. However, through
the anti-Jewish politics in Italy she was prevented from taking
the exam and returned to Germany, where she worked as a nurse at
a Jewish hospital in Frankfurt on Main.
In 1938, Erna’s mother, Bella, escaped to Montreux, Switzerland,
and was followed by her husband, Emil, in 1939. From there
Emil emigrated to the USA in |
|
1940. At the end of the year, Bella gave notice of change
in residence to the City Registry, with destination unknown; apparently,
she was able to flee with her husband to New York City. Emil
died there in 1946.
At the beginning of 1941, Erna moved to France to her sister, Liselotte,
then to the USA. In New York, she became a children psychiatrist.
Erna Weil died in an accident in New York in 1960.
Erna’s parents also died in the USA, Emil in 1946, Bella in 1975.
Sources and further reading:
Erna Weil, Über einen Fall von Chorea Gravidarum mit Psychose,
dissertation, Munich, 1933 (with curriculum vitae).
Monika Ebert, Zwischen Anerkennung und Ächtung. Medizinerinnen
der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in der ersten Hälfte des 20.
Jahrhunderts, Neustadt an der Aisch, 2003, pp. 221–23.
Lotte Treves, née Dann, “Mit tiefer Dankbarkeit blicke ich zurück,”
Gernot Römer, ed., Vier Schwestern. Die Lebenserinnerungen
von Elisabeth, Lotte, Sophie und Gertrud Dann aus Augsburg,
Augsburg, 1998, pp. 135–228, pp. 158–60.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gertrud Weil
Born: 1920 in Augsburg (the place
of birth is not mentioned in the Annual School Reports). Father’s
occupation: engineer. Flat: 20 Klinkerberg.
Gertrud’s father, Siegfried Weil (b. 1878), came from Buchau
at Federsee (Württemberg). As a mechanical engineer he came
to Augsburg in 1910 and bought a company for the manufacture of
agricultural machinery in Pfersee, a district of Augsburg, at 40
Leitershoferstraße. His younger brothers, Hermann (the father
of Edith Weil) and Julius (b. 1879), also settled
in Augsburg; Hermann was a co-owner of the company.
In 1919, Siegfried married. His wife, Amalie, “Mali”, née
Lamm (b. 1895), came from Nuremberg and worked as an artist (painting
in oil) until her marriage. Like Gertrud, her younger sister,
Marianne, also attended Maria-Theresia-School.
The girls had a younger brother, Alfred (“Arie”, b. 1925).
In 1931, Siegfried Weil was forced to sell his firm due to debts.
His son, Arie, is convinced that this misfortune was due also to
political reasons (interview in 2005). Siegfried became a
representative of various firms which sold carpentry products.
He died of an illness at the age of sixty on September 7, 1938.
Gertrud, the first child of the couple, attended Maria-Theresia-School
from 1930 to 1935 in classes 1–5.
In 1935, Gertrud celebrated her “confirmation” in Augsburg, together
with other Jewish girls (Bat Mitzvah: the feast of religious majority
for Jewish girls, which can be celebrated after a girl’s twelfth
birthday; in Augsburg, however, it was held annually or even after
longer intervals for several age groups at the same time). The singer
Dina Marx, née Strauss, contributed
to the programme.
After completing school, Gertrud trained as a nurse at a Jewish
children’s home in Munich. As of 1936 she worked at a Jewish
nursery in Berlin, from 1939 on for a Jewish doctor in Augsburg. |
|
On October 28, 1940, Gertrud married, via a long distance marriage
ceremony, the sweetheart from her youth, Ernst Günzburger (b. 1916
in Augsburg). Ernst had emigrated to Brazil in 1937, when
Gertrud hadn’t yet finished her education. (Thea Günzburger
was Ernst’s sister.) However, Gertrud was not allowed
to emigrate.
At the family’s flat on Klinkerberg at last there also lived Gertrud’s
paternal grandmother, Julie Weil (b. 1855). She was deported
to Terezin on July 31, 1942, where she died after less than two
weeks.
In 1942, together with her mother and sister Marianne, Gertrud was
relocated to a small room in a so-called “Jewish house” (“Judenhaus”)
in Hallstraße 14. The three women were deported to Auschwitz
at the beginning of March 1943. There Gertrud nursed invalids
and died of typhoid fever in July 1943. Presumably, her mother
and sister had died by then; they were pronounced dead in 1946.
Arie, Gertrud’s brother, could emigrate to Palestine in 1939.
Up to this day he lives in Israel (May 2008). He assisted
us in completing our project “Spurensuche”.
Gertrud’s uncle Julius Weil was married to a Christian woman.
He survived the war doing forced labour and died in Augsburg in
1947.
The name of Gertrud Günzburger is listed on a glass plaque at the
shoah memorial which can be visited in Augsburg’s City Hall (Artist:
Klaus Goth).
Sources and further reading:
Renate Weggel, “Nicht Stadt, nicht Dorf. Industrialisierung
in Pfersee und die Folgen,” Geschichtswerkstatt Augsburg e. V.,
ed., Nicht Stadt, nicht Dorf. Leben und Arbeiten in Pfersee.
Dokumentation und Ausstellung, Augsburg, 1994, pp. |
|
1–21, p. 6 (advertisement of S. & H. Weil’s “Motoren- u. Maschinenfabrik
Augsburg-Pfersee”).
Renate Weggel, Pfersee: Dorf—Industrieort—Vorort. Die Industrialisierung
und ihre Auswirkungen auf eine Gemeinde vor den Toren Augsburgs,
Augsburg, 1995, pp. 32–33 (on the firm “Gebrüder Demharter”, which
Siegfried Weil bought in 1910).
Walter Gerlach, ed., Das Buch der alten Firmen der Stadt und
des Industriebezirkes Augsburg im Jahre 1930, Leipzig, 1930,
p. 75 (advertisement of S. & H. Weil’s company).
Sofia Dratva, “Geschichte der Familie Weil,” Peter Wolf, ed.,
Spuren. Die jüdischen Schülerinnen und die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
an der Maria-Theresia-Schule Augsburg. Ein Bericht der Projektgruppe
“Spurensuche” des Maria-Theresia-Gymnasiums, Augsburg, 2005,
pp. 38–42; for an updated version, see the German part of this website,
chapter “Biografien” —>“Familie S. Weil”.
Gernot Römer, Die Austreibung der Juden aus Schwaben. Schicksale
nach 1933 in Berichten, Dokumenten, Zahlen und Bildern, Augsburg,
1987, pp. 171–76.
Regina Scheer, Ahawah. Das vergessene Haus. Spurensuche
in der Berliner Auguststraße, Berlin, 1992; 4th edition, 2004,
esp. pp. 222–42 (on a Jewish nursery in Berlin). |
|
|
Liselotte Weil
Born: 1906 in Augsburg. Father’s
occupation: businessman. Flat and company: D 139 (today’s
No. 2) Hafnerberg.
Liselotte’s father, Emil Weil (b. 1874 in Augsburg), was a leather
merchant. Her mother was Bella, née Sundheimer (b. 1879 in
Regensburg). Emil was a co-owner of the wholesale business
of leather “Leopold Weil & Cie”. Like Liselotte, her younger
sister, Erna, also attended Maria-Theresia-School.
Liselotte attended Maria-Theresia-School from 1916 to 1920 in classes
1–4; perhaps she remained at the school until 1921/22 and completed
the sixth grade in 1922.
In 1921, Liselotte celebrated her “confirmation” in Augsburg, together
with her sister, Erna, and five other Jewish girls
(Bat Mitzvah: the feast of religious majority for Jewish girls,
which can be celebrated individually after a girl’s twelfth birthday;
in Augsburg, however, it was held annually or even after longer
intervals for several age groups at the same time, similar to the
Protestant confirmation).
Liselotte married Stefan Oberbrunner (b. 1901 in Nuremberg), a lawyer.
In 1932, a daughter was born to them.
The family emigrated to France in 1934. Stefan worked at a
photographic shop and had other jobs as well. In 1939, he
joined the French army; in the next year, he was interned.
In March 1943, he was deported from the transition camp in Drancy
to Majdanek, Poland. He is considered missing.
In 1938, Liselotte’s mother, Bella, escaped to Montreux (Switzerland),
followed by her husband, Emil, in 1939. From there Emil emigrated
to the USA in 1940. At the end of the year, Bella gave notice
of change in residence to the City Registry, with unknown destination;
apparently, she was able to flee with her husband to New York City.
Emil died there in 1946. |
|
Early in 1941, Liselotte’s sister, Erna, stayed with her for a while
and later emigrated to the USA. In 1941 or 1942, Liselotte
and her daughter, Anne, also could emigrate to the USA. Liselotte
worked as a milliner.
Liselotte Oberbrunner, née Weil, died in 1991 in Koloa, Kauai, Hawaii.
Sources and further reading:
Gernot Römer, ed., “An meine Gemeinde in der Zerstreuung.”
Die Rundbriefe des Augsburger Rabbiners Ernst Jacob 1941–1949,
Augsburg, 2007, p. 322.
Gedenkbuch für die Nürnberger Opfer der Schoa.
With an essay by Leibl Rosenberg, ed. Michael Diefenbacher and Wiltrud
Fischer-Pache, prepared by Gerhard Jochem and Ulrike Kettner, Nuremberg,
1998, p. 251 (on Stefan Oberbrunner, No. 1489).
Reinhard Weber, Das Schicksal der jüdischen Rechtsanwälte in
Bayern nach 1933, Munich, 2006, p. 249 (on Stefan Oberbrunner).
Monika Ebert, Zwischen Anerkennung und Ächtung. Medizinerinnen
der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in der ersten Hälfte des 20.
Jahrhunderts, Neustadt an der Aisch, 2003, pp. 221–23 (on Erna
Weil). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marianne Weil
Born: 1922 in Augsburg (place of birth
is not mentioned in the Annual School Reports). Father’s occupation:
engineer. Flat: 20 Klinkerberg.
Marianne’s father, Siegfried Weil (b. 1878), came from Buchau
at Federsee (Württemberg). As a mechanical engineer he came
to Augsburg in 1910 and bought a company for the manufacture of
agricultural machinery in Pfersee, a district of Augsburg, at 40
Leitershoferstraße. His younger brothers, Hermann (the father
of Edith Weil) and Julius (b. 1879), also settled
in Augsburg; Hermann was a co-owner of the company.
In 1919, Siegfried married. His wife, Amalie, “Mali”, née
Lamm (b. 1895), came from Nuremberg and worked as an artist until
her marriage (painting in oil). Like Marianne, her older sister,
Gertrud, also attended Maria-Theresia-School.
The girls had a younger brother, Alfred (“Arie”, b. 1925).
In 1931, Siegfried Weil was forced to sell his firm due to debts.
His son, Arie, is convinced that this misfortune was due also to
political reasons (interview in 2005). Siegfried became a representative
for various firms which sold cabinetmaking products. He died
of an illness at the age of sixty on September 7, 1938.
Marianne’s school life began at the age of six in St-Anna-School.
On April 7, 1932, she went on to Maria-Theresia-School, which she
attended from 1932 to 1938 in classes 1–4 and L5–L6 (“L” meaning
“Lyzeum”, a branch of the secondary school as opposed to the more
demanding “Gymnasium”). Marianne had excellent marks and was
a talented graphic artist.
Marianne was one of nine Jewish girls (among them also Auguste
Wolf and Johanna Landmann) who celebrated
their “confirmation” in Augsburg in May 1937. (Bat Mitzvah:
Ceremony of religious majority for Jewish girls, can be celebrated
individually on the Sabbath after a girl’s 12th birthday or, as
in |
|
Augsburg, annually or even in larger intervals for several age groups
together, similar to the confirmation of Protestants.) The
singer Dina Marx, née Strauss,
contributed to the programme.
During the first two years at Maria-Theresia-School, Elisabeth Lang
from Ederheim (Ries) was Marianne’s classmate. Elisabeth,
whose married name was Wolf, published her memoirs in 1997.
In her book she tells about several teachers who had a hostile attitude
toward National Socialism. Dr. Otto Feller, for instance,
a German teacher, when going through genealogy, declared that Marianne’s
family tree was the best and had it go round the class. Therefore,
he was denounced by the father of another girl. In a talk
with the team of the “Spurensuche”, Otto Feller’s daughter confirmed
that incident.
According to Elisabeth Wolf, the art teacher Lilly Premauer particularly
looked after Marianne.
The Private Tennis Association, Augsburg, a Jewish sports club,
used wood engravings of Marianne for the winner’s certificates of
the youth competitions in 1937 and 1938. Those were the last
events of that kind; thereafter, the club was expropriated.
In 1938, Marianne received her secondary school certificate (“Mittlere
Reife”) at Maria-Theresia-School and then went on to study graphics
at the Augsburg School of Arts until 1940. In the spring of
1940, she caused a scandal because during a test she handed in a
picture which was a seven-arm-candleholder, a symbol of Judaism.
Marianne was expelled from the school.
From September 1941 on, Marianne worked as a forewoman at the Augsburg
Balloon Factory, where many Jewish women and girls had to do forced
labour. At |
|
that time the workshops were located at the Augsburg Spinning Mill
(“Augsburger Kammgarnspinnerei”).
At the family’s flat on Klinkerberg at last there also lived Marianne’s
paternal grandmother, Julie Weil (b. 1855). She was deported
to Terezin on July 31, 1942, where she died after less than two
weeks.
In 1942, Marianne was relocated to a small room, together with her
mother and her sister Gertrud, to a so-called “Jewish house” (“Judenhaus”)
in Hallstraße 14. The three women were deported to Auschwitz
at the beginning of March 1943. In 1946, Marianne and her
mother were pronounced dead and Gertrud in 1947.
Arie, Marianne’s brother, could emigrate to Palestine in 1939.
Up to this day he lives in Israel (May 2008). He assisted
us in completing our project “Spurensuche”.
Marianne’s uncle Julius Weil was married to a Christian woman.
He survived the war doing forced labour and died in Augsburg in
1947.
The name of Marianne Weil is listed on a glass plaque at the shoah
memorial which can be visited in Augsburg’s City Hall (artist: Klaus
Goth).
Sources and further reading:
Stiftung Jüdisches Kulturmuseum Augsburg-Schwaben, ed.,
Ein fast normales Leben. Erinnerungen an die jüdischen
Gemeinden Schwabens. Ausstellung der Stiftung Jüdisches Kulturmuseum
Augsburg-Schwaben nach einem Konzept von Gernot Römer, Augsburg,
1995, p. 119 (a wood engraving with dedication by Marianne Weil)
and p. 158 (certificates of the Private Tennis Association, Augsburg,
with wood engravings by Marianne Weil). |
|
Renate Weggel, “Nicht Stadt, nicht Dorf. Industrialisierung
in Pfersee und die Folgen,” Geschichtswerkstatt Augsburg e. V.,
ed., Nicht Stadt, nicht Dorf. Leben und Arbeiten in Pfersee.
Dokumentation und Ausstellung, Augsburg, 1994, pp. 1–21, esp.
p. 6 (advertisement of S. and H. Weil’s factory, “Motoren- u. Maschinenfabrik
Augsburg-Pfersee”).
Renate Weggel, Pfersee: Dorf—Industrieort—Vorort. Die Industrialisierung
und ihre Auswirkungen auf eine Gemeinde vor den Toren Augsburgs,
Augsburg, 1995, pp. 32–33 (on the firm “Gebrüder Demharter”, which
Siegfried Weil bought in 1910).
Walter Gerlach, ed., Das Buch der alten Firmen der Stadt und
des Industriebezirkes Augsburg im Jahre 1930, Leipzig, 1930,
p. 75 (advertisement of S. & H. Weil’s company).
Sofia Dratva, “Geschichte der Familie Weil,” Peter Wolf ed.,
Spuren. Die jüdischen Schülerinnen und die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
an der Maria-Theresia-Schule Augsburg. Ein Bericht der Projektgruppe
“Spurensuche” des Maria-Theresia-Gymnasiums, Augsburg, 2005,
pp. 38–42; for an updated version, see the German part of this website,
chapter “Biografien” —> “Familie S. Weil”.
Eugen Nerdinger, Brüder, zum Licht empor. Ein Beitrag zur
Geschichte der Augsburger Arbeiterbewegung, Augsburg, 1984,
p. 239.
Gernot Römer, Die Austreibung der Juden aus Schwaben. Schicksale
nach 1933 in Berichten, Dokumenten, Zahlen und Bildern, Augsburg,
1987, pp. 171–76.
Elisabeth Wolf, Der Funke Ewigkeit. Eine Familienchronik,
Berlin, 1997, pp. 114–17 and 236. |
|
|
Gertrud Wiesenthal
Born: 1923. Father’s occupation: businessman in Augsburg.
Gertrud’s father, Siegfried Wiesenthal (b. 1892), was Jewish, her
mother, Katharina (“Käte”), née Gleich (b. 1899), was a Catholic.
Käte had also visited Maria-Theresia-School.
In 1919, the couple married. Siegfried managed the shipping
department of the Farbwerke corporation, which was located in Gersthofen,
near Augsburg. (From 1925 on, the firm was called “IG Farben”.)
Gertrud had a brother, Fritz. The children were both baptized
as Catholics, initially, however, religion was irrelevant to the
family. Siegfried withdrew from the Jewish community in 1931.
Only after a serious illness Gertrud’s mother became religious;
impressed by that, her father let himself be baptized a Catholic
in 1935.
Gertrud attended Maria-Theresia-School from 1933 to 1936 in classes
1–3. She disliked a teacher who was a National Socialist,
and she wasn’t satisfied with the marks awarded in two subjects.
Consequently, she transferred to St. Elisabeth, a convent school
run by the Franciscan nuns of the convent “Maria Stern”, where she
felt much better.
After the November Pogrom in 1938, Siegfried Wiesenthal was taken
to the concentration camp in Dachau. As a combatant of the
First World War he was released after a few weeks. The emigration
of the family (without Fritz, who stayed in Germany) to the USA
via Rotterdam failed. Under the most difficult circumstances
(razzia of the Gestapo, escape, detainment in the Westerbork concentration
camp, forced labour) the family survived the war in the Netherlands.
Westerbork was a camp for Jewish refugees in the Netherlands.
Siegfried Wiesenthal was interned there in 1940. His wife
and his daughter followed him voluntarily; afterwards, however,
they were not allowed to leave the camp any more. In the summer
of 1942 the Germans took over the camp and turned it into a
|
|
transit camp under police surveillance (“polizeiliches Durchgangslager”).
From here, the SS deported the Jews from the Netherlands to the
extermination camps in Eastern Europe. As Siegfried was married
to a non-Jewish woman, the family was dismissed from the camp in
July 1942. They settled in Amsterdam. Later, however,
Siegfried had to spend another four weeks in Westerbork.
After the war, the family lived in Gersthofen and Augsburg.
Gertrud worked as a Master Dressmaker, her brother Fritz became
Prosecutor and Chief Administrative Officer of the Augsburg district.
Siegfried Wiesenthal died in 1951, the widowed Käte in 1981.
Up to this day, Gertrud Wiesenthal lives in Germany (May 2007).
(Gertrud Wiesenthal herself added to this brief biography in a telephone
interview in May 2007.)
Source:
Gernot Römer, “Jüdisch versippt.” Schicksale von
“Mischlingen” und nichtarischen Christen in Schwaben, Augsburg,
1996, pp. 73–83. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Charlotte Wilmersdörffer
Born: 1898 in Bayreuth. Father’s
occupation: director of the Royal District Court (“K. Landgerichtsdirektor”),
deputy director of the Royal District Court, forensic councillor
(“Oberlandesgerichtsrat”) in Augsburg.
Charlotte’s parents were Ernst Wilmersdörffer (b. 1865) and
Paula, née Rau (b. 1872). Ernst first worked in the judiciary at
his birthplace, Bayreuth. In 1899, he moved to Augsburg with his
family, where he first became an Appellate Court Counsellor,
then deputy director, 1915 forensic councillor
(“Oberlandesgerichtsrat”) and in 1917 assistant chairman of the
commercial and businessman court. In 1918, he received a high
Order of Merit. He died in Augsburg in 1926.
Like Charlotte, her younger sister Rosa also attended
Maria-Theresia-School.
Charlotte attended the “Municipal School for Daughters” (“Städtische
Töchterschule”), which from 1914 on was called “Maria-Theresia-School”,
from 1910 to 1916, first in classes 2–4, then in classes 5 and 6
of the “Realabteilung” and finally for one year in the “school for
women” (“Frauenschule”).
On April 23, 1914, a ceremony took place after which the parents
of the pupils could visit the recently completed new building of
Maria-Theresia-School on Gutenbergstraße. On this occasion
an allegorical play The Last Hour was performed, in which
Charlotte acted the character of “Philipp Fürwitz”.
On May 31st that year, Charlotte celebrated her “confirmation” in
Augsburg, together with two other Jewish girls (Bat Mitzvah: the
feast of religious majority for Jewish girls, which can be celebrated
individually on the Sabbath after a girl’s twelfth birthday; in
Augsburg, however, it was held annually or even after longer intervals
for several age groups at the same time).
In 1922, Charlotte married Max Lemle, a businessman from Munich.
The couple lived at 16 Elisabethstraße, Munich. In 1928, a
daughter was born to them. The widowed Paula Wilmersdörffer
migrated to Palestine in 1934. |
|
Source:
Stiftung Jüdisches Kulturmuseum Augsburg-Schwaben, ed.,
Ein fast normales Leben. Erinnerungen an die jüdischen
Gemeinden Schwabens. Ausstellung der Stiftung Jüdisches Kulturmuseum
Augsburg-Schwaben nach einem Konzept von Gernot Römer, Augsburg,
1995, p. 76 (programme of Lotte Wilmersdörffer’s confirmation ceremony).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rosa Wilmersdörffer
Born: 1902 in Augsburg. Father’s occupation: director of the
Royal District Court (“K. Landgerichtsdirektor”), deputy director
of the Royal District Court, forensic councillor (“Oberlandesgerichtsrat”),
Appellate Court Counsellor (“Landesgerichtsrat”).
Rosa’s parents were Ernst Wilmersdörffer (b. 1865) and Paula,
née Rau (b. 1872). Ernst had initially worked in the Court at
his birthplace, Bayreuth. In 1899, he moved to Augsburg with his
family, where he first became an Appellate Court Counsellor
(“Landesgerichtsrat”), then its deputy director, in 1915
forensic councillor (“Oberlandesgerichtsrat”) and in 1917
assistant chairman of the Commercial and Businessman Court. In
1918, he received a high Order of Merit. He died in Augsburg in
1926.
Like Rosa, her older sister Charlotte also attended
Maria-Theresia-School.
Rosa attended the “Municipal Secondary School for Gilrs” (“Städtische
Höhere Mädchenschule”), which from 1914 on was called “Maria-Theresia-School”,
from 1912 to 1920, first in classes 1–6 and finally for two years
in the “school for women” (“Frauenschule”).
On April 23, 1914, a ceremony took place after which the parents
of the pupils could visit the recently completed new building of
Maria-Theresia-School on Gutenbergstraße. On this occasion
the play Snowwhite by Theodor Storm was performed.
Rosa, who was a student in the 2nd Grade, played the role of a dwarf.
In July 1918, at the celebration of the end of the school year,
Rosa appeared in the Riccaut scene of Lessing’s comedy Minna
von Barnhelm. The young Bertolt Brecht mentioned her in
the ironical newspaper article he wrote about that feast.
In 1924, Rosa married Paul Aufseeßer (b. 1899) from Nuremberg.
The couple had two children. The family emigrated to Switzerland.
Paul died in 1980 in Vevey.
Rosa (“Ole”) Aufseeßer, née Wilmersdörffer, died in 1993 in La Tour-de-Peilz.
The widowed Paula Wilmersdörffer migrated to Palestine in 1934. |
|
Sources and further reading:
Shimon Katz, Website “Family Roots”:
www.geocities.com/eyalomer/
(as of May 2008).
Jürgen Hillesheim, Bertolt Brecht – Erste Liebe und Krieg,
Augsburg, 2008 (with Brecht’s article, “Schlussfeier in der Maria-Theresia-Schule,”
Augsburger Neueste Nachrichten, July 15, 1918).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Auguste Wolf
Born: 1922 in Augsburg (no place of
birth is given in the Annual School Records). Father’s occupation:
jeweller. Flat: 23 Hermanstraße.
When Auguste (“Gusti”) joined
Maria-Theresia-School in 1932, her father, Gustav Wolf, had already
died. Her mother was Mina or Minna, née Grünebaum (b. 1889
or 1890 in Hellstein). Auguste was a cousin of Heinz,
Irma and Johanna Landmann.
She lived at the Landmann’s on Hermanstraße together with her mother.
Auguste attended Maria-Theresia-School from 1932 to 1936 in classes
1–4. At the age of almost 14 years Auguste and Johanna Landmann
left the school before taking her final exams on April 2, 1936.
Both girls were accepted at the secondary branch of the convent
school “St. Elisabeth” (convent of the Franciscan nuns “Maria Stern”),
where they attended the same grade as Liselotte Stein
(who had left Maria-Theresia-School in 1935) and Margot Herrmann
(who had left the “A. B. von Stettensches Institut”, a private school
for girls, in 1934). Sister M. Edelwina (née Kunigunde) Hutzmann
had also attended the school at that time; she mainly worked as
a handicraft teacher at Maria Stern after 1945. Still today
she vividly remembers that, irrespective of religion, a warm relationship
between the pupils prevailed; Margot Herrmann was her best friend
(interview in 2005). (Margot Herrmann was deported to Piaski,
Poland, in April 1942.)
Auguste was one of the nine Jewish girls who celebrated their “confirmation”
in Augsburg in May 1937; Johanna Landmann and Marianne Weil
also belonged to this group (Bat Mitzvah: Ceremony of religious
majority for Jewish girls, can be celebrated individually on the
Sabbath after a girl’s 12th birthday or, as in Augsburg, annually
or even in larger intervals for several age groups together, similar
to the confirmation of Protestants). |
|
Auguste graduated at the convent school in 1938 and transferred
to Munich to work as a domestic help. In 1939, she escaped
from Germany to England on a children’s transport and then emigrated
to the USA. There she first lived again with her cousin Heinz
Landmann (now Henry Landman) until she married Eric Weil from Mannheim
in 1947.
In the USA, Auguste called herself Anne Weil. She had a daughter
and lived in Florida.
Anne Weil, née Auguste Wolf, died in Florida in August 2005.
Mina Wolf, Auguste’s mother, had to do forced labor at the Augsburg
Balloon Factory from November 1941 to the beginning of March 1943,
when she was deported—perhaps via Terezin—to Auschwitz.
Aside:
Mina Wolf is not listed in the Gedenkbuch edited by the “Bundesarchiv”
(2nd edition, 2006), nor in the Theresienstädter Gedenkbuch,
Prague, 2000.
Source:
Rick Landman, “Photo Album for the Landman family of Augsburg,
Germany”:
http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/Strasse/5960/landmn.html (as
of May 2008).
Anne Weil, née Auguste Wolf, has given an interview for USC Shoah
Foundation Institute (www.usc.edu/schools/college/vhi/). |
|
|
|
|
Klara Wolf
Born: 1901 in Binswangen. Father’s
occupation: businessman in Augsburg. Flat and company: Elias-Holl-Platz.
Klara’s parents were Hermann
Wolf (b. 1872 in Binswangen) and Sabine, née Höchstädter (b. 1877
or 1879 in Hürben). Hermann was a co-owner of the wholesale
of textiles “Hermann Gscheidlen” which was located on Elias-Holl-Platz.
Klara had a brother, Bernhard.
Klara attended the “Municipal Secondary School for Girls” (“Städtische
Höhere Mädchenschule”), which from 1914 on was called “Maria-Theresia-School”,
from 1912 to 1917 in classes 1–5; presumably, she also attended
the school in 1917/18 in class 6, which was the school-leaving class.
A woman called Kläry Kurz, née Wolf, is said to have been deported
from Stuttgart to Izbica, Poland, on April 26, 1942, and is considered
missing. Among the 278 deported Jews of that transport there
also was her husband, Salomon Kurz (b. 1888). This information
is to be found in the book of M. Zelzer, Weg und Schicksal der
Stuttgarter Juden, 1964.
Klara (here: Cläry) Kurz’s name is listed on a glass plaque of the
shoah memorial which can be visited in Augsburg’s City Hall (artist:
Klaus Goth). The name (here: Kläry Kurz) is also written on
a wall of the Inner Northern Station of Stuttgart, which is a part
of the memorial “Zeichen der Erinnerung”. From that station,
the deportation train of April 26, 1942, as well as many others
left Stuttgart.
Perhaps, however, Klara was not called Kurz after her marriage,
but Rosenbaum, or maybe she married twice and was called Kurz after
her second marriage. According to the Israelitisches Standesregister,
vol. 3 (Augsburg), a woman called Claire Wolf married Julius Rosenbaum
in 1923 in Augsburg. Claire Rosenbaum is listed in the
Gedenkbuch edited by the “Bundesarchiv” (2nd edition, 2006),
as well as in Die Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung
in |
|
Baden-Württemberg 1933–1945, edited by the Administration
of the Archives of Stuttgart, 1969; here it is said that she still
was living in Bavaria on January 30, 1933.
The Memorial Books mentioned above give the same date of deportation
for Kläry Kurz and Claire Rosenbaum, respectively.
“The destination of the transport was Izbica, perhaps, however,
due to the overcrowding of the Izbica camp the train went
on. It does not matter whether the deported Jews were brought
to Izbica or to another camp in the Lublin district. In any
case, they came to a region where experiments with mass murder were
carried out since 1939. In the spring of 1943 at the latest,
when the last camps were dissolved, survivors from Stuttgart, if
there were any, presumably were killed in the nearby extermination
camps of Belzec, Sobibor and Majdanek” (R. Müller).
Klara’s parents, Hermann and Sabine Wolf, were deported to Terezin
at the end of July 1942. Sabine died there on December 31,
1943.
Sources and further reading:
Roland Müller, “Von der Entrechtung zum Mord—Stuttgart
im Deportations- und Vernichtungsprozess,” Zeichen der Erinnerung
e. V., ed., Zeichen der Erinnerung. Gedenkstätte für die aus
Stuttgart, Württemberg und Hohenzollern deportierten Menschen jüdischen
Glaubens im Stuttgarter Nordbahnhof, Stuttgart, 2006, pp. 16–22.
Israelitisches Standesregister, vol. 3 (Augsburg).
A copy is kept at the Augsburg State Archives. |
|
Die Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung in Baden-Württemberg
1933–1945. Ein Gedenkbuch, ed. Administration of the Archives
of Stuttgart (“Archivdirektion Stuttgart”), Stuttgart, 1969.
Maria Zelzer, Weg und Schicksal der Stuttgarter Juden.
Ein Gedenkbuch, ed. City of Stuttgart (“Stadt Stuttgart”), Stuttgart,
s. a. (1964). |
|
|
|
|
Emma Wolfsheimer
Born: 1886 in Munich. Father’s
occupation: businessman in Munich.
Emma’s father, Max Wolfsheimer (b. 1850 in Munich), ran a
shop for ribbons and ornamental trimming in Munich. Emma’s
mother was called Bertha, née Binswanger (b. 1856 in Osterberg);
she died in Illertissen in 1890, when Emma still was a little
child. Emma had an elder brother, Julius (b. 1884). Her father
died in 1934 in Munich. Emma attended the “Municipal School
for Daughters” (“Städtische Töchterschule”), which later was to
be called “Maria-Theresia-School”, from 1900 to 1902 in classes
3 and 4; the fourth class was the school-leaving class in those
times. In 1908, Emma married Otto Eckstein, a pharmacist, and
from then on lived with him in Regensburg. As a widow she still
lived in Regensburg, at 10 Gesandtenstraße. From there she was
deported to Poland in 1942. On April 2 that year, c. 80 Jews who
were younger than 65 years had to gather at the place of the
synagogue that had been burnt down in 1938. They were brought to
East Station. After two days they were packed in wagons that
were attached to a train which had arrived from Munich. The
train left for the Travniki concentration camp near Lublin.
Later, several of the Regensburg deportees were brought to
Piaski; it is not known whether Emma was among them.
For two months, from April to June 1942, the engineer Arnold Hindls
from Brno, Moravia, also lived in Piaski. For him this was
but one of many deportation stations, between Terezin and Ossovo.
In his memoirs, One Man Returned, published in Germany in
1965, he tells about Piaski: “Piaski is a small town in the
Lublin district, surrounded by sand, swamps, and forests.
The state road from Lublin to Chelm divides it into two parts.
Therefore, the Jewish ghetto, which once was very large and inhabited
by approx. 3000 local Jews, extended on both sides of the state
road. Now, however, these two parts of the ghetto were each
enclosed by high fences made of boards and barbed wire. They
had big gates, which were permanently guarded and opened only twice
a day, for one hour in the morning and one in the afternoon.
The gates were closed towards the state road. ... |
|
The houses of the ghetto were mostly
made of wood. They had only small yards and were closely boxed
together, mostly built on ground level, only a few had one story.
...The small town had neither plumbing nor sewer. For the
approx. 6000 inhabitants of the two parts of the ghetto...there
was only one well with acceptable drinking water in the southern
part. Each person was allowed to fetch only one ten litre
bucket a day from that well. ...
The SS commando which was in charge of the ghetto was stationed
in a large, solid building on the outskirts of the southern part
of the ghetto, at the state road. The SS could well observe both
parts of the ghetto from the balcony of the building. Every
visit by those ‘members of the master race’ meant slaps, kicks,
and beatings. They confiscated food which was ‘not allowed’
and smuggled into the ghetto. ...Twenty to thirty people,
nothing but skin and bones, died of hunger every day. ...
In spite of these catastrophic provision conditions, all men and
women who were able to work were recruited into groups to do excavation,
gardening, and upkeep of the roads. ...Also within the ghetto,
there was enough work to do, for instance, the cleaning and deepening
of the drainage and gravel ditches, and the construction of latrines,
latrines, and more latrines, of which there were never enough.”
In the autumn of 1942, some Jews were taken from Piaski to Belzec,
the others, approx. 4000, were taken to Sobibor, where they were
killed. Immediately thereafter, the Piaski ghetto was occupied
anew by other deported Jews.
|
|
Sources
and further reading:
The first list of the Regensburg Jews who were killed by
the National Socialists in the concentration camps, on the website
of the Jewish community of Regensburg:
www.jg-regensburg.de/nispim.html
(as of March 2007).
Andreas Heusler, Brigitte Schmidt, Eva Ohlen, Tobias Weger and Simone
Dicke, with the collaboration of Maximilian Strnad, Biographisches
Gedenkbuch der Münchner Juden 1933–1945, vol. 2 (M–Z), ed. Munich
City Archives (“Stadtarchiv München”), Munich, 2007, p. 796 (on
Max Wolfsheimer).
Arnold Hindls, Einer kehrte zurück. Bericht
eines Deportierten, Stuttgart, 1965, pp. 12–32. Andreas
Angerstorfer, “Chronik der Verfolgung: Regensburger Juden
während des Nationalsozialismus,” Michael Brenner, Renate
Höpfinger, eds., Die Juden in der Oberpfalz, Munich,
2009, pp. 183–96.
|
|
|
|
|
Liselotte Wolfsthal
Born: 1909 in Regensburg. Father’s occupation: Appellate
Court Counsellor.
Liselotte’s parents were Max Wolfsthal (b. 1869 in Bamberg) and
Marga, née Dilsheimer (b. 1865 in Nuremberg). In 1920, the
family moved from Regensburg to Augsburg. Max died in 1921 in
Munich.
Liselotte attended Maria-Theresia-School from 1924 to 1928 in classes
G6–G9 and passed her maturity exam (“Abitur”) in 1928. Perhaps
she had already entered the school in 1920.
Liselotte married Adolf Haas and lived with him in Frankfurt on
Main. Later, the couple emigrated to the USA. They had
a daughter.
Liselotte’s mother, Marga, also lived in Frankfurt for some time.
From there she transferred to Munich in 1938. Several times
she failed to obtain permission to emigrate. On November 20,
1941, she was deported to Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania. Five
days later, the displaced men, women and children were shot in Kovno.
Liselotte Haas, née Wolfsthal, died in 2000 in California.
Source:
Andreas Heusler, Brigitte Schmidt, Eva Ohlen, Tobias Weger
and Simone Dicke, with the collaboration of Maximilian Strnad,
Biographisches Gedenkbuch der Münchner Juden 1933–1945, vol.
2 (M–Z), ed. Munich City Archives (“Stadtarchiv München”), Munich,
2007, p. 797 (on Marga Wolfsthal). |
|